47.1. Those who disbelieve and turn (men) from the way of Allah, He rendereth their actions vain. (Pickthall)
47.1. Diejenigen, die den Glauben verweigert und abgehalten haben vom Weg Allahs, Er läßt ihre Taten fehlgehen, (Ahmad v. Denffer)
47.1. Denjenigen, die ungläubig sind und von Allahs Weg abhalten, läßt Er ihre Werke fehlgehen. (Bubenheim)
47.1. Die Ungläubigen, die die anderen von Gottes Weg abhalten, deren Werke macht Gott zunichte. (Azhar)
47.1. Denjenigen, die Kufr betrieben und von ALLAHs Weg abgehalten haben, ließ ER ihre Handlungen verloren gehen. (Zaidan)
47.1. Denen, die ungläubig sind und (ihre Mitmenschen) vom Wege Allahs abhalten, läßt Allah ihre Werke fehlgehen (so daß sie damit nicht zum Ziel kommen). (Paret)
47.1. Die Werke derjenigen, die ungläubig sind und vom Weg Allahs abhalten, macht Er zunichte. (Rasul)
47.2. And those who believe and do good works and believe in that which is revealed unto Muhammad and it is the truth from their Lord. He riddeth them of their ill deeds and improveth their state. (Pickthall)
47.2. Und denjenigen, die geglaubt und rechtschaffen gehandelt haben, und die geglaubt haben an das, was auf Muhammad herabgesandt wurde, - und es ist die Wahrheit von ihrem Herrn, - Er nimmt ihre Schlechtigkeiten von ihnen und bringt ihren Zustand in Ordnung. (Ahmad v. Denffer)
47.2. Denjenigen aber, die glauben und rechtschaffene Werke tun und an das glauben, was Muhammad offenbart worden ist - und es ist (ja) die Wahrheit von ihrem Herrn -, tilgt Er ihre bösen Taten und bessert ihren Gemütszustand. (Bubenheim)
47.2. Den Gläubigen aber, die gute Werke verrichten und an die auf Muhammad herabgesandte Offenbarung glauben, die die Wahrheit von ihrem Herrn darstellt, tilgt Gott die begangenen ?beltaten und wendet alles zum Guten. (Azhar)
47.2. Und denjenigen, die den Iman verinnerlicht, gottgefällig Gutes getan und den Iman an das verinnerlicht haben, das Muhammad hinabgesandt wurde - und es ist die Wahrheit von ihrem HERRN - tilgte ER ihre gottmißfälligen Taten und besserte ihre Lage. (Zaidan)
47.2. Denen aber, die glauben und tun, was recht ist, und die an das glauben, was auf Muhammad (als Offenbarung) herabgesandt worden ist - es ist (ja) die Wahrheit (und kommt) von ihrem Herrn -, denen tilgt er ihre schlechten Taten und bringt alles für sie in Ordnung (aslaha baalahum). (Paret)
47.2. Denjenigen aber, die gläubig sind und gute Werke tun und an das glauben, was auf Muhammad herabgesandt worden ist - und es ist ja die Wahrheit von ihrem Herrn -, denen tilgt Er ihre schlechten Taten und stellt ihre gute Lage wieder her. (Rasul)
47.3. That is because those who disbelieve follow falsehood and because those who believe follow the truth from their Lord. Thus Allah coineth their similitudes for mankind. (Pickthall)
47.3. Dies, weil diejenigen, die den Glauben verweigert haben, dem Nichtigen folgten, und weil diejenigen, die geglaubt haben, der Wahrheit von ihrem Herrn folgten, derart gibt Allah für die Menschen ihre Gleichnisse. (Ahmad v. Denffer)
47.3. Dies, weil diejenigen, die ungläubig sind, dem Falschen folgen, und diejenigen, die glauben, der Wahrheit von ihrem Herrn folgen. So prägt Allah den Menschen ihre Gleichnisse. (Bubenheim)
47.3. Das liegt daran, dass die Ungläubigen dem Irrtum und die Gläubigen der Wahrheit von Ihrem Herrn folgen. So führt Gott den Menschen die Gleichnisse an, die sie ansprechen. (Azhar)
47.3. Dies weil diejenigen, die Kufr betrieben haben, dem für nichtig Erklärten folgten, und diejenigen, die den Iman verinnerlichten, demWahren von ihrem HERRN folgten. Solcherart prägt ALLAH den Menschen ihre Gleichnisse. (Zaidan)
47.3. Dies (geschieht) deshalb, weil diejenigen, die ungläubig sind, dem folgen, was nichtig ist, und weil diejenigen, die glauben, der Wahrheit folgen (die) von ihrem Herrn (kommt). So stellt Allah den Menschen (in Form von Sentenzen) ihr Wesen dar. (Paret)
47.3. Dies (ist deshalb so), weil jene, die ungläubig sind, dem Trügerischen folgen, und weil diejenigen, die gläubig sind, der Wahrheit ihres Herrn folgen. So beschreibt Allah den Menschen ihre Lage. (Rasul)
Tafsir von Maududi für die Ayaat 1 bis 3
Those who disbelieved ( 1 ) and debarred (others) from Allah's Way. ( 2 ) Allah rendered their works fruitless. ( 3 ) As for those who believed, and did' good works, and accepted that which has been sent down to Muhammad ( 4 ) -and it is the very Truth from their Lord-Allah removed their evils from them ( 5 ) and set their condition right. ( 6 ) This is because the disbelievers followed falsehood and the believers followed the Truth which has come from their Lord. Thus does Allah make the people aware of their true state. ( 7 )
Desc No: 1 "Those who disbelieved": Those who refused to accept the teachings and guidance presented 'by Muhammad (upon whom be Allah's peace and blessings).
Desc No: 2 The verb sadd (from which saddu of the original is derived) is used both as a transitive and as an intransitive verb in Arabic. Therefore, the sentence would mean "they themselves refrained from adopting Allah's Way" as well as they prevented others from adopting this way." There are several ways of preventing others from adopting Allah's Way: (1) That one should forcibly prevent another from believing; (2) that one should so persecute the believers that it should become difficult for them to remain steadfast on the Faith and for others to embrace the Faith in view of the dreadful conditions; (3) that one should mislead the people against the Religion and its followers in different ways and create doubts in the hearts so that the people may become suspicious of the Religion itself. Besides, every disbeliever prevents others from the way of Allah in the sense that he brings up his children on the way of disbelief, and then it becomes difficult for his future generation to give up the ancestral faith and accept Islam. Likewise, every unbelieving society is an obstruction to the Way of Allah, for it creates obstacles in the way of the progress of the Faith by its system of education and training, its government and its customs and prejudices.
Desc No: 3 The words adalla a 'mala-hum (led their deeds astray, Iet them go to waste) are very comprehensive in meaning. Their one meaning is: Allah deprived them of the grace that their efforts and their labours should be spent in the right way: now, whatever they do, they will do that for wrong aims and objects in wrong ways: all their endeavors will be directed to the way of error and deviation - instead of guidance. Their second meaning is: The works that they have been performing as pious deeds, e.g. guardianship of the Ka'bah, entertaining the guests, treating the kindred well, and such other works, which are counted among religious services and noble actions morally, were rendered fruitless by Allah; they will get no reward for them, for when they refuse to accept Tauhid and to adopt the way of Allah's service and worship and stop others also from adopting Islam none of their works can be acceptable to Allah. The third meaning is Allah rendered fruitless an$ vain the efforts they were making to obstruct the way of the Truth and to keep their creed of disbelief alive in Arabia as against the Prophet Muhammad (upon whom be Allah's peace and blessings): all their designs and endeavours now are aimless: they will never attain their goals by these designs.
Desc No: 4 Although after saying alladhina amanu (those who believed) there was no need to say wa amanu bi-ma nuzzila 'ala Muhammed-in (and accepted that which has been sent down to Muhammad), for belief by itself implies believing in the Holy Prophet Muhammad and in the teachings sent down to him, yet making a separate mention of it is particularly meant to assert this: After the appointment of Muhammad (upon whom be Allah's peace and blessings) to Prophethood, a person's belief in Allah and the Hereafter and the former Messengers and the Books cannot be beneficial until he also believes in him and the teachings brought by him. This explanation was necessary because after the emigration, the Muslims had also to deal with those people, who recognized and accepted all the requirements of the Faith but refused to acknowledge and accept the Prophethood of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (upon whom be Allah's peace and blessings).
Desc No: 5 This has two meanings: (l) That Allah wiped off from their record all those sins which they had happened to commit in the pre-Islamic days of ignorance: now, they will not at all be held accountable for them; and (2) that Allah removed from them the evils of creed, thought, morals and action in which they were involved. Now their minds were changed; their creed and ideas were changed; now there was faith in their hearts instead of ignorance and righteous acts instead of the immoral evil.
Desc No: 6 This also has two meanings: (1) That Allah changed their previous condition and put them on the right path and improved and bettered their lives for them; and (2) that Allah has taken them out of the condition of weakness and helplessness and oppression in which they were placed till then; now He has created for them such conditions in which instead of being persecuted they will defend themselves against the oppressors; instead of living as subjects, they will now live and order their lives as free people, and will have the upper hand instead of being subdued and suppressed.
Desc No: 7 That is, "He makes both the parties aware of their positions. One party insists on following falsehood; therefore, Allah has brought all its endeavors to naught: and the other party has adopted obedience of the Truth; therefore, Allah has purified it of its evils and corrected its condition." "
47.4. Now when ye meet in battle those who disbelieve, then it is smiting of the necks until, when ye have routed them, then making fast of bonds; and afterward either grace or ransom till the war lay down its burdens. That (is the ordinance). And if Allah willed He could have punished them (without you) but (thus it is ordained) that He may try some of you by means of others. And those who are slain in the way of Allah, He rendereth not their actions vain. (Pickthall)
47.4. Und wenn ihr auf diejenigen trefft, die den Glauben verweigert haben, so gilt das Schlagen der Genicke, bis, wenn ihr sie niedergekämpft habe, ihr dann die Fesseln fest macht, und danach gilt entweder Begnadigung oder Auslösung, bis der Krieg seine Lasten niedergelegt hat. Dies ist es, und wenn Allah wollte, bestimmt würde Er sich selber gegen sie helfen, aber damit Er manche von euch mit anderen prüft, und diejenigen, die auf dem Weg Allahs getötet werden, - also ihre Taten läßt Er sicher nicht fehlgehen, (Ahmad v. Denffer)
47.4. Wenn ihr auf diejenigen, die ungläubig sind, (im Kampf) trefft, dann schlagt den Hals. Wenn ihr sie schließlich schwer niedergeschlagen habt, dann legt (ihnen) die Fesseln fest an. Danach (laßt sie) als Wohltat frei oder gegen Lösegeld, bis der Krieg seine Lasten ablegt. Dies (soll so sein)! Und wenn Allah wollte, würde Er sie wahrlich (allein) besiegen . Er will aber damit die einen von euch durch die anderen prüfen. Und denjenigen, die auf Allahs Weg getötet werden, wird Er ihre Werke nicht fehlgehen lassen; (Bubenheim)
47.4. Wenn ihr im Krieg auf die Ungläubigen trefft, schlagt ihnen auf den Nacken, bis ihr sie außer Gefecht gesetzt habt! Dann legt sie in Fesseln! Die Gefangenen könnt ihr später in Gnade oder gegen Lösegeld oder im Austausch freilassen. So habt ihr zu verfahren, bis der Krieg zu Ende ist. Wenn Gott wollte, hätte Er sie ohne Krieg besiegt. Aber Er will die einen von euch durch die anderen prüfen. Die Werke der Gläubigen, die auf dem Weg Gottes getötet werden, wird Er nicht zunichte machen, (Azhar)
47.4. Und wenn ihr auf diejenigen, die Kufr betrieben haben, trefft, gibt es das Schlagen auf die Hälse. Dann wenn ihr ihnen schwere Verluste zugefügt habt, dann zieht die Fesseln fest. Danach ist entweder Begnadigung oder Auslösung, bis der Krieg seine Lasten ablegte . Es ist dies! Und wollte ALLAH, würde ER gewiss an ihnen Vergeltung üben. Doch damit ER die einen von euch durch die anderen prüft. Und diejenigen, die fi-sabilillah getötet wurden, ihre Handlungen lässt ER nie verloren gehen. (Zaidan)
47.4. Wenn ihr (auf einem Feldzug) mit den Ungläubigen zusammentrefft, dann haut (ihnen mit dem Schwert) auf den Nacken! Wenn ihr sie schließlich vollständig niedergekämpft habt (athkhantumuuhum), dann legt (sie) in Fesseln, (um sie) später entweder auf dem Gnadenweg (mannan) oder gegen Lösegeld (freizugeben)! (Haut mit dem Schwert drein) bis der Krieg (euch) von seinen Lasten befreit (und vom Frieden abgelöst wird)! Dies (ist der Wortlaut der Offenbarung). Wenn Allah wollte, würde er sich (selber) gegen sie helfen (la-ntasara minhum). Aber er möchte (nicht unmittelbar eingreifen, vielmehr) die einen von euch (die gläubig sind) durch die anderen (die ungläubig sind) auf die Probe stellen. Und denen, die um Allahs willen getötet werden, wird er ihre Werke nicht fehlgehen lassen (so daß sie damit nicht zum Ziel kommen würden). (Paret)
47.4. Wenn ihr auf die stoßt, die ungläubig sind, so haut (ihnen) auf den Nacken; und wenn ihr sie schließlich siegreich niedergekämpft habt, dann schnürt ihre Fesseln fest. (Fordert) dann hernach entweder Gnade oder Lösegeld, bis der Krieg seine Lasten (von euch) wegnimmt. Das ist so. Und hätte Allah es gewollt, hätte Er sie Selbst vertilgen können, aber Er wollte die einen von euch durch die anderen prüfen. Und diejenigen, die auf Allahs Weg gefallen sind - nie wird Er ihre Werke zunichte machen. (Rasul)
47.6. And bring them in unto the Garden which He hath made known to them. (Pickthall)
47.6. Und Er läßt sie hineingehen in den Paradiesgarten, den Er ihnen bekanntgemacht hat. (Ahmad v. Denffer)
47.6. und sie in den (Paradies)garten eingehen lassen, den Er ihnen kenntlich gemacht hat. (Bubenheim)
47.6. und sie in den Paradiesgarten bringen, den Er ihnen bestimmt hat. (Azhar)
47.6. Und ER wird sie in die Dschanna eintreten lassen, die ER ihnen bekannt machte. (Zaidan)
47.6. und sie ins Paradies eingehen lassen, das er ihnen zu erkennen gegeben hat. (Paret)
47.6. und sie ins Paradies führen, das Er ihnen zu erkennen gegeben hat. (Rasul)
Tafsir von Maududi für die Ayaat 4 bis 6
Therefore, when you meet the disbelievers in the battle-field, tirst smite their necks; then, when you have crushed them completely, bind the prisoners tight. After that (you have the choice) whether you show them favour or accept ransom, until the war lays down its arms. ( 8 ) So shall you do. Had Allah willed, He would Himself have dealt with them. But (He has adopted this way so that) He may test some of you by means of others. ( 9 ) And those who are killed in the way of Allah, Allah will never let their deeds go waste. ( 10 ) He will guide them, set their condition right, and will admit them to the Paradise with which He has acquainted them. ( 11 )
Desc No: 8 The words of this verse as well as the context in which it occurs clearly show that it was sent down after the revelation of the command for fighting and before the actual fighting began. The words, "When you meet the disbelievers in the battlefield ...", indicate that the fighting has not yet taken place ana the Muslims are being instructed that when it dces take place, what they should do.
The words of verse 20 below testify that this Surah was sent down at a time when the command for fighting had already been given in Surah AI-Hajj: 39 and AI-Baqarah: 190, and the hypocrites of Madinah and the people of the weak faith had been so upset that it seemed as if they were actually facing death.
Besides, vv. 67-69 of the Surah AI-Anfal also testify that this verse had been sent down before the Battle of Badr. There it has been said:
"lt does not behove a Prophet to have captives until he has crushed down the enemies in the land. You desire the gains of this world, but Allah desires the Hereafter, and Allah is All-Powerful, All-Wise. Had not a decree already been issued by Allah, you would have incurred a severe chastisement in consequence of what you have done. So eat of what you have taken as spoils because it is lawful and pure. "
A careful study of this passage, especially of its italicized portions, shows that what had displeased Allah on this occasion was that before crushing down the enemy completely in the Battle of Badr, the Muslims had started taking the enemy soldiers as captives, whereas the instruction given them in Surah Muhammad before the actual fighting was this: "When you have crushed them completely, then bind the captives tight. " However, as the Muslims had been permitted, among other things in Surah Muhammad, to accept ransom from the prisoners, Allah declared the money taken from the captivcs of Badr as lawful and did not punish them for that. The words "Had not the decree already been issued by Allah." are clearly pointing to the fact that the command for permission to accept ransom had already been given in the Qur'an before this event, and obviously, there is no other verse in the Qur'an beside this verse of Surah Muhammad, which contains this command. Therefore, it will have to be admitted that this verse had been sent down before the above-cited verse of the Surah AI-Anfal. (For explanation, see E. N 49 on AI-Anfal). This is the first verse of the Qur'an in which preliminary instructions have been given about the laws of war. Below is given a resume of the injunctions that are derived from this verse and the Holy Prophet's and his Companions' practice according to it and the juristic inferences as based on this verse and the Sunnah: (1) The real aim of the Muslim army in war is to break the fighting power of the enemy till it is crushed and the war lays down its arms. Under no circumstances, should the Muslim's lose sight of this aim and start taking the enemy soldiers as captives. Captives should be taken after the enemy has been completely crushed and its numbers thinned down. The Arabs have been so instructed at the outset lest in the greed for ransom and taking slaves they should forget and overlook the real aim of the war. (2) About the prisoners taken in war it has been said: "You have the option whether you show them favour or accept ransom from them. " This gives the general law that the prisoners of war should not be put to death. Hadrat `Abdullah bin `Umar, Hasan Basri, `Ata' and Hammad bin Abi Sulaiman favour this view, which is quite valid. They say that a man can be killed only during the war. When the war is over and one has been made a prisoner, it is not lawful to kill him, Ibn Jarir and Abu Bakr alJassas have related that Hajjaj; bin Yusuf handed over one of the prisoners of war to Hadrat `Abdullah bin `Umar and commanded him to put him to death. He refused to obey and cited this verse and said: "We are not allowed to kill a man when he is a prisoner." Imam Muhammad in As-SiyaT al-Kabir also has rcelated that `Abdullah bin 'Amir had commanded Hadrat `Abdullah bin `Umar to kill a prisoner of war, and he had refused to obey the command for this reason. (3) But since in this verse it has neither been clearly forbidden to kill the prisoner the -Holy Prophet understood this intention of Allah's Command, and also acted accordingly, that if there was a special reason for which the ruler of an Islamic government regarded it as necessary to kill a particular prisoner (or prisoners), he could do so. This is not the general law, but an exception to it, which would be applied only when necessary. Thus, the Holy Prophet put to death only `Uqbah bin Abi Mu'ait and Nadr bin al-Harith from among the 70 prisoners taken at Badr, and only the poet Abu `Azzah from the prisoners taken at Uhud. Since the Bani Quraizah had surrendered on the condition that they would accept whatever decision Hadrat Sa`d bin Mu'adh would give in their regard, and he had decreed that all the males of the Quraizah should be killed, the Holy Prophet had them executed. From among the prisoners taken at Khaiber only Kinanah bin Abi al-Huqaiq was put to death because of his violating the agreement. At the conquest of Makkah, the Holy Prophet commanded in respect of only a few particular persons from among all the inhabitants of Makkah that any one of them who was captured should be put to death. Apart from these exceptions, the Holy Prophet never killed prisoners of war, and the same also continued to be the practice of the righteous Caliphs. During their times also killing of prisoners of war was rare, which was resorted to only for a special reason. Hadrat, `Umar bin `Abdul `Aziz also during his caliphate put to death only one prisoner of war for the reason that he had persecuted the Muslims very cruelly. On this very basis the majority of the jurists have held the view that the Islamic government can put a prisoner to death if necessary. But it is for the government to take such a decision; every soldier is not permitted to kill any prisoner he likes. However, if there is the danger of a prisoner's running away or of his committing a dangerous mischief, the guard can kill him. In this connection, the jurists of Islam have also made three other points: (a) That if a prisoner accepts Islam, he cannot be killed; (b) that the prisoner can be killed only as long as he is in the government's custody; if he has been allotted to, or given in somebody else's possession by sale, he cannot be killed; and (c) that if the prisoner has to be killed, he should be killed in a straightforward way; he should not be tortured to death (4) The general command that has been given about the prisoners of war is: "Show them favour, or accept ransom from them. " Favor includes four things: (a) That they should be treated well as prisoners; (b) that instead of killing them or keeping them in captivity for lifetime, they should be handed over to the individual Muslims as slaves; (c) that they should be put under jizyah and trade dhimmis; and (d) that they should be set free without ransom. There are three ways of ransoming them: (a) That they should be set free on payment of a ransom; (b) that they should be set free after taking some special service from them; and (c) that they should be exchanged for the Muslim prisoners of war who are in the possession of the enemy. The Holy Prophet and the Companions at different times acted in one or the other way as the occasion demanded. The Divine Law has not bound the Islamic government to act in only one particular way. The government can take any action it deems appropriate on a particular occasion. (5) The practice of the Holy Prophet and the Companions confirms that as long as a prisoner of war is in the government's custody, the government will be responsible for his food and clothing, . and his treatment if he is ill or wounded. Islamic Law does not permit prisoners to be kept without food or clothing, or be subjected to torture. On the contrary, instructions also have been given to treat them well and generously, and precedents of this very practice are found in the Sunnah. The Holy Prophet distributed the prisoners of Badr in the houses of different Companions and gave the instruction: "Teat these prisoners well." One of those prisoners, Abu 'Aziz, has reported: "The Ansar Muslims, in whose house I was kept, gave me bread morning and evening, but as for themselves they had only dates to eat. " About another prisoner; Suhail bin 'Amr, the Holy Prophet was told: "He is a fiery speaker, and has been making speeches against you: please have his teeth broken. " The Holy Prophet replied: "If I have his teeth broken, Allah will break my teeth, although I am a Prophet." (Ibn Hisham). When Thumamah bin Uthal, the chief of Yamamah, was brought as a prisoner, he was provided with good food and milk on the Holy Prophet's orders as long as he remained a captive. (Ibn Hisham). The same was the practice in the time of the Companions. No precedent is found when a prisoner might have been mistreated in their time. (6) Islam has not permitted that the prisoners be kept in captivity for ever so that the government may subject them to forced labour as long as it likes. If they are not exchanged for other prisoners of war, or ransomed, the method enjoined of doing them favour is that they should be made slaves and given in possession of individuals, and their masters instructed to treat them well This method was acted upon during the time of the Holy Prophet as well as of the Companions, and the jurists of Islam have unanimously upheld it as permissible. In this regard, it should be borne in mind that a person who might have accepted Islam before being taken as prisoner, and then is somehow made a prisoner, will be set free, but the acceptance of Islam by a person who accepts it after being taken prisoner, or after being given in possession of somebody, will not gain him freedom automatically. A tradition has been related in Musnad Ahmad. Muslim and Tirmidhi on the authority of Hadrat `Imran bin Husain that a person from among the Bani 'Uqail was brought as a prisoner and he said: "I have accepted Islam. " Thereupon the Holy Prophet said: "If you had said this when you were free, you would certainly have attained to success. The same thing was said by Hadrat `Umar: "When a prisoner becomes a Muslim after falling into the hands of the Muslims as a captive, he will not be killed, but will remain a slave." Oh this very point. the jurists of Islam have unanimously ruled that the prisoner who becomes a Muslim after being taken captive cannot escape slavery. (Imam Muhammad, As-Siyar al-Kabir). And this also is quite reasonable. If our law had been that anyone who embraced Islam after being taken a captive, would be set free, no prisoner would be so foolish as not to win his freedom by pronouncing the Kalimah. (7) The third manner of doing favor with the prisoners according to the Law of Islam is that they may be put under jizyah and made dhimmi subjects of the Islamic state and allowed to live as free citizens of dar a/Islam (abode of Islam) just like the Muslims. Imam Muhammad writes in his As-Siyar a/-Kabir: "Any person who can be made a slave, can also be made a dhimmi and put under jizyah. ¦ At another place he says: "The ruler of the Muslims has the right to levy jizyah on than and a tax on their lands and set than absolutely free. " This method has been practised generally in the condition when the territory of the people who have been made prisoners, is' conquered and annexed to the Islamic state. The Holy Prophet, for instance, practiced this method in the case of the people of Khaiber, and then Hadrat `Umar followed and practiced it extensively on the conquest of `Iraq and other territories. Abu `Ubaid writes in his Kitab al-Amwal: "After the conquest of `Iraq a deputation of the leading men of that country came before Hadrat `Umar and submitted: `O Commander of the Faithful, before this the people of Iran had subdued us: they subjected us to harsh treatment and committed all sorts of excesses against us. Then, when God sent you, we became very pleased, and we neither put up any resistance against you nor participated in the war. Now, we hear that you want to make us slaves.' Hadrat `Umar replied: `You have the option either to become Muslims, or accept to pay jizyah and remain free.' They agreed to pay the jizyah and they were granted full freedom. " At another place in the same book. Abu `Ubaid says: Hadrat `Umar wrote to Abu Musa al-Ash'ari: Set free every farmer and peasant from among the people who have been captured in the war. " (8) The fourth favour is that the prisoner be set free without ransom. This is a special concession that the Islamic government can give only in case the special conditions of a prisoner demand it, or when it is expected that the concession will win the prisoner's gratitude for ever, and help turn him a friend from an enemy, or a believer from a disbeliever; otherwise, obviously it would in no way be a wise thing to set free a person of the enemy camp, who could again return to fight the Muslims. This is why the Muslim jurists generally have opposed it, and imposed the condition: "If the ruler of the Muslims finds it expedient to set the prisoners, or some of them, free as a favour, there is no harm in doing so." (As-SiyaT al-Kabir). Many precedents of this are found in the time of the Holy Prophet, and in almost every case expediency seems to be the reason. About the prisoners taken at Badr, he said: "If Mut'im bin `Adi were alive, and had spoken to me in respect of these treacherous people, I would have Iet them go for his sake." (Bukhari, Abu Da'ud, Musnad Ahmad). The Holy Prophet said this because when he had returned from Ta'if to Makkah, Mut'im at that time had given him refuge, and his armed sons had escorted him to the Ka`bah. Therefore, he wanted to repay his debt of gratitude in this way. According to Bukhari, Muslim and Musnad Ahmad, when Thumamah bin Uthal, the chief of Yamamah, was brought as ½ prisnoner, the Holy Prophet asked him: "Thumamah, what do you say?" He replied: "If I am killed, then such a one would be killed, whose blood has some value: if I am shown favour, then favour would be shown to a person, who appreciates favour; and if you want wealth, ask for it, you will be given it." For three days the Holy Prophet asked him the same thing and he gave the same reply. At last, the Holy Prophet ordered that Thumamah be set free. On attaining freedom, he went to a nearby oasis, washed himself and came back, pronounced the kalimah and became a Muslim, saying: Before this day nobody was more detestable than you and no religion more odious than your religion in my sight, but now for me no man is more lovable than you and no religion more lovable than your religion." Then he went to Makkah for 'Umrah and gave the people of Quraish a notice to the effect: "After this no grain will reach you from Yamamah unless Muhammad (upon whom be Allah's peace) permits it." So, he stopped the grain supply and the people of Makkah had to request the Holy Prophet that he should not stop the supply of grain for them from Yamamah. From among the prisoners of the Bani Quraizah, the Holy Prophet forgave Zabir bin Bata and 'Amr bin Sa'd (or Ibn Su'da), the former because he had given refuge to Hadrat Thabit bin Qais Ansari in the Battle of Bu'ath, in the pre-Islamic days of ignorance; therefore, he handed him over to Hadrat Thabit that he may repay him for his favour. And he forgave 'Amr bin Sa`d because it was he who was exhorting his tribe not to be treacherous when the Bani Quraizah were committing breach of the trust with the Holy Prophet. After the Battle of Bani al-Mustaliq, when the prisoners were brought and distributed among the people, the Holy Prophet paid Hadrat Juwairiyah's ransom to the person to whom she was allotted to secure her freedom and then married her himself. At this all the Muslims set their own prisoners free, saying: "Now they have become the Holy Prophet's relatives. " Thus, the prisoners of a hundred families became free. (Musnad Ahmad, Tabaqat Ibn Sa`d, Ibn Hisham). On the occasion of the treaty of Hudaibiyah, at about dawn, 80 men came from the direction of Tan'im with the intention of launching a sudden attack on the Muslim camp, but were all captured, and the Holy Prophet set all of them free lest it became a cause of war on that critical occasion. (Muslim, Abu Da'ud, Nasa'i, Tirmidhi, Musnad Ahmad). At the conquest of Makkah, the Holy Prophet forgave all the people of Makkah except only a few men, and did not kill more than three or four of even those who had been made an exception. The whole of Arabia was well aware of what atrocities the people of Makkah had committed against the Holy Prophet and the Muslims; yet the large-heartedness with which he forgave them after attaining complete victory over them, gave the Arabs the satisfaction that they had not been overpowered by a tyrant but by a merciful, affectionate and generous leader. That is why after the conquest of Makkah the Arabian peninsula did not take longer than two years to be completely subdued. After the Battle of Hunain, when the Hawazin deputation came to secure the freedom of their prisoners, the prisoners had already been distributed. The Holy Prophet called the Muslims together and said: "These people have come with repentance, and I am of the opinion that their men should be rearmed to them. The one who would like to set the prisoner allotted to him free willingly without ransom, should set him free, and the one who would like to take ransom, shall be paid it out of the first income that is received in the Public Treasury." Thus, six thousand prisoners were set free, and those who wanted to take ransom, were given it by the government. (Bukhari, Abu Da'ud, Musnad Ahmad, Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd). This also shows that the government is not authorised to set the prisoners free after they have been distributed; this can be done by the willing approval of those in whose possession the prisoners have been given, or by paying them the ransom. After the Holy Prophet, precedents of setting the prisoners free as a favour continue to be found throughout the period of the Companions also. Hadrat Abu Bakr set fret Ash'ath bin Qais al-Kindi and Hadrat 'Umar granted freedom to Hurmuzan and the prisoners of Manadhir and Maisan. (Abu 'Ubaid, Kitab alAmwal). (9) The precedent of setting the prisoners free on payment of the ransom in the time of the Holy Prophet is found only on the occasion of Badr, when the prisoners were set free on payment of one thousand to four thousand dirhams each. (Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-Amwal). No precedent of this is found in the time of the Companions; and the jurists of Islam have generally disapproved it, for it means that we should take money and set a man free so that he may again rise against us with the sword. But since taking of ransom has been permitted in the Qur'an, and the Holy Prophet also acted according to it once, it is not absoluutely forbidden. Imam Muhammad writes in his As-Siyar al-Kabir that if the need arises the Muslims can free their prisoners on payment of the ransom. (10) The criterion of freeing a prisoner for a service rendered is also found in connection with the Battle . of Badr. For those of the Quraish prisoners who had no ransom the Holy Prophet imposed the condition that they should teach reading and writing to ten Ansar children each to win their freedom. (Musnad Ahmad, Tabaqat Ibn Sa`d, Kitab al-Amwal. (11) Several instances of the exchange of prisoners are found in the time of the Holy Prophet. Once he dispatched Hadrat Abu Bakr on an expedition and he brought some captives, including a beautiful woman, who fell to the lot of Hadrat Salamah bin Akwa' . The Holy Prophet urged him to give her back, then sent her to Makkah and had several ' Muslim prisoners released, in exchange for her. (Muslim, Abu Da'ud, Tahawi Kitab al-Amwal of Abi `Ubaid, Tabaqat Ibn Sa`d). Hadrat 'Imran bin Husain relates that once the tribe of Thaqif arrested two men of the Muslims. Some time later, a man of the Bani 'Uqail, who were allies of the Thaqif, was arrested by the Muslims. The Holy Prophet sent him to Ta'if and got both the Muslims released in exchange for him. (Muslim, Tirmidhi, Musnad Ahmad). From among the jurists Imam Abu Yusuf, Imam Muhammad, Imam Shafe`i, Imam Malik and Imam Ahmad hold . the exchange of the prisoners as permissible. A ruling of Imam Abu Hanifah is that exchange should not be practised, but according to another ruling of his exchange can be practised. However, there is a consensus that the prisoner who becomes a Muslim should not be handed over to the disbelievers for the purpose of exchange.
This explanation makes it abundantly clear that Islam has fomulated a comprehensive code in respect of the prisoners of war, which contains provision for this problem in every age under all sorts of conditions. Those people who take this Qur'anic verse in its simple meaning that the prisoners of war should "either be shown favour and set free or freed for ransom", do not know what different aspects the question of the , prisoners of war has, and what problems it has been creating in different ages and can create in the future.
Desc No: 9 That is, "If Allah had only wanted to crush the worshippers of falsehood, He did not stand in need of your help for this. He could have done this through an earthquake or a tempest in no time, But what he wills is that the followers of the Truth among the people should enter into a confict with the . worshippers of falsehood and fight them so that the qualities and characteristics of each are brought out clearly by means of the test and each is given the place and rank that he deserves according to his conduct. "
Desc No: 10 It means this: "A person's being slain in the way of Allah dces not mean that he lost his life and as far as his person was concerned all his lifework was wasted. It is wrong to think that the sacrifices of the martyrs are not beneficial for themselves but only for those who live after them in the world, and take advantage of their sacrifices. The fact is that even for the martyrs themselves it is a bargain of profit, not of loss at all . "
Desc No: 11 This is the profit that the martyrs falling in the way of Allah will gain. Its three grades have been stated: (1) That Allah will guide them; (2) that He will set their condition right; and (3) that He will admit them to the Paradise with which He has acquainted them beforehand. Guidance here obviously implies guiding to Paradise; setting the condition right implies that before their entry into Paradise, Allah will adorn them with robes of honour and remove every filth which had polluted them in the life of the world; and the third stage means that even in this world they have been told through the Qur'an and the Holy Prophet what kind of Paradise it is that has been prepared for them; when they enter that Paradise they will enter a place with which they will already be familiar and they will come to know that they have been blessed precisely with the same that had been promised to them in the world. "
47.9. That is because they are averse to that which Allah hath revealed, therefor maketh He their action fruitless. (Pickthall)
47.9. Dies, weil sie verabscheuten, was Allah herabgesandt hat, also macht Er ihre Taten hinfällig. (Ahmad v. Denffer)
47.9. Dies, weil ihnen zuwider ist, was Allah (als Offenbarung) herabgesandt hat, und so läßt Er ihre Werke hinfällig werden. (Bubenheim)
47.9. Das geschieht ihnen recht, weil sie die Offenbarung, die Gott herabgesandt hat, hassen. So hat Er ihre Werke dem Scheitern geweiht. (Azhar)
47.9. Dies, weil sie dem gegenüber abgeneigt waren, was ALLAH hinabsandte, so ließ ER ihre Handlungen zunichte werden. (Zaidan)
47.9. Dies (geschieht ihnen) deshalb, weil ihnen zuwider ist, was Allah (als Offenbarung) herabgesandt hat. Er macht darum ihre Werke hinfällig. (Paret)
47.9. Dies (ist so), weil sie das hassen, was Allah herabgesandt hat; so macht Er ihre Werke zunichte. (Rasul)
47.10. Afalam yasiiruu fii al-ardi fayandhuruukayfa kana AAaqibatu alladhiina min qablihimdammara Allahu AAalayhim walilkafiriina amthaluha
47.10. Have they not travelled in the land to see the nature of the consequence for those who were before them? Allah wiped them out. And for the disbelievers there will be the like thereof. (Pickthall)
47.10. Und reisen sie nicht umher auf der Erde und sehen, wie das endgültige Ende derjenigen vor ihnen war? Allah hat sie vernichtend zerstört, und für die Glaubensverweigerer gibt es desgleichen. (Ahmad v. Denffer)
47.10. Sind sie denn nicht auf der Erde umhergereist, so daß sie schauen (konnten), wie das Ende derjenigen vor ihnen war? Allah hat über sie Zerstörung gebracht. Für die Ungläubigen wird es etwas dergleichen geben. (Bubenheim)
47.10. Warum reisen sie nicht auf der Erde herum, um zu sehen, wie das Ende der früheren Ungläubigen war? Gott vernichtete sie mit allem, was sie hatten. Den Ungläubigen, die nicht an den Koran glauben, wird ein ähnliches Ende zuteil werden. (Azhar)
47.10. Sind sie etwa auf Erden nicht umhergezogen, damit sie sehen, wie das Anschließende derjenigen vor ihnen war?! ALLAH ließ über ihnen Vernichtung fallen. Und für die Kafir gibt es Gleiches. (Zaidan)
47.10. Sind sie denn nicht im Land umhergezogen, so daß sie schauen konnten, wie das Ende derer war, die vor ihnen lebten? Allah hat die Vernichtung über sie hereinbrechen lassen. Den (zeitgenössischen) Ungläubigen wird es ähnlich ergehen (wa-lil-kaafiriena amthaaluhaa). (Paret)
47.10. Sind sie denn nicht im Lande umhergezogen, so daß sie schauen konnten, wie das Ende derer war, die vor ihnen lebten? Allah richtete sie zugrunde, und für die Ungläubigen ist das gleiche wie ihnen bestimmt. (Rasul)
){kind=link}